Cell cycle, apoptosis, cell differentiation, and lipid metabolism gene expression in endometriotic tissue and exposure to parabens and benzophenones.

AIM: To describe the expression profile in endometriotic tissue of genes involved in four signaling pathways related to the development and progression of endometriosis (cell cycle, apoptosis, cell differentiation and lipid metabolism) and to explore its relationship with the women exposure to chemicals with hormonal activity released from cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs). METHODS: This cross-sectional study, encompassed within the EndEA study, comprised a subsample of 33 women with endometriosis. Expression levels of 13 genes (BMI1, CCNB1, CDK1, BAX, BCL2L1, FOXO3, SPP1, HOXA10, PDGFRA, SOX2, APOE, PLCG1 and PLCG2) in endometriotic tissue and urinary concentrations of 4 paraben (PB) and 3 benzophenone (BP) congeners were quantified. Bivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the associations between exposure and gene expression levels. RESULTS: A total of 8 out 13 genes (61.5 %) were expressed in >75 % of the samples. Exposure to congeners of PBs and/or BPs was associated with the overexpression of CDK1 gene (whose protein drives cells through G2 phase and mitosis), HOXA10 and PDGFRA genes (whose proteins favor pluripotent cell differentiation to endometrial cells), and APOE (whose protein regulates the transport and metabolism of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in multiple tissues) and PLCG2 genes (whose protein creates 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, two important second messengers). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that women exposure to cosmetic and PCP-released chemicals might be associated with the promotion of cell cycle and cell differentiation as well as with lipid metabolism disruption in endometriotic tissue, three crucial signaling pathways in the development and progression of endometriosis. However, further studies should be accomplished to confirm these preliminary data.

Evaluación de la salud sexual femenina en la consulta de Ginecología / Evaluation of female sexual health in routine gynaecological practice

Antecedentes: La disfunción sexual en la mujer es un problema multicausal y multidimensional, poco estudiado en la consulta de Ginecología. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la calidad de vida sexual mediante el test de Índice de Función Sexual Femenina en las mujeres que acudieron a la consulta de Ginecología e identificar qué variables se asociaban a esta. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo que incluye a las pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de Ginecología entre marzo y agosto 2019. Las pacientes rellenaron anónimamente el test de Índice de Función Sexual Femenina y se recogieron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Para establecer las características que pudieron estar asociadas con la calidad de la salud sexual se elaboró un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: Del total de pacientes encuestadas un 39,4% presentaban disfunción sexual con un valor medio del test de 27,2. Si excluimos pacientes que no tenían relaciones en el momento de la encuesta, este porcentaje descendió al 19,2%. La variable que más descendió el valor del Índice de Función Sexual Femenina fue la menopausia. Asimismo la edad y el tener 3 o más hijos también disminuyó el valor del test. Por el contrario, los estudios universitarios mejoraron significativamente el resultado de dicho test. Conclusiones: La disfunción sexual femenina es un problema multifactorial. Dado que afecta de forma significativa la salud global de las mujeres, se hace patente la necesidad de abordar la problemática en las consultas de Ginecología de manera real y eficaz.(AU)

Background and objective: Female sexual dysfunction is a multicausal and multidimensional pathology, often underestimated in gynaecology care. The aim of this study was to estimate the quality of sexual life using the Female Sexual Function Index test in women who attended the gynaecology practice and to identify which variables were associated with sexual dysfunction. Material and methods: Descriptive observational study that includes patients who attended routine gynaecology care between March and August 2019. The patients filled out the Female Sexual Function Index anonymously and sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected. To establish the characteristics that could be associated with the quality of sexual health, a multiple linear regression model was developed. Results: Of the total of patients surveyed, 39.4% presented sexual dysfunction with a mean value of 27.2. After excluding patients without sexual intercourse at the time of the survey, this percentage dropped to 19.2%. Menopause was the variable that most lowered the Female Sexual Function Index value. Likewise, age and having 3 or more children also decreased the test score. Nevertheless, having a university education significantly improved womeńs sexual health. Conclusions: Female sexual dysfunction is a multifactorial problem that greatly affects women's well-being. It is important to assess this problem in routine gynaecology care in order to improve female sexual and global health.(AU)

Effect of surgeon's experience on complications from laparoscopic hysterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of learning in two surgeons on complications and conversion to laparotomy during total and subtotal laparoscopic hysterectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively 236 total and subtotal laparoscopic hysterectomies done by two surgeons from the time they first performed the procedure. The interventions were classified in three groups based on the surgeon's experience: the first 75 hysterectomies ("novice period"), the subsequent 75 hysterectomies ("intermediate"), and the subsequent 86 hysterectomies ("routine period"). RESULTS: Patient's characteristics changed as surgeons gained experience, with more complex operations (greater obesity, previous surgery and malignant disease) becoming more frequent. During the second group of operations when surgeons had an intermediate level of experience, the risk of major complications decreased (adjusted odds ratio: 0.28, 95% confidence interval: 0.10-0.85), as did the risk of type III complications of Clavien-Dindo classification (adjusted odds ratio 0.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.03-0.93). However, the percent rate of conversion to laparotomy remained stable in the second (intermediate experience) group. In the third group, after the surgeons had performed 150 procedures and when the risk of any type of complication was lowest, the risk of conversion to laparotomy decreased compared to the routine group. CONCLUSIONS: The surgeon's experience in performing laparoscopic hysterectomy plays an essential role in the decrease in the risk of complications, and this finding supports the importance of providing appropriate training for residents and gynecologists to enable them to perform this procedure with an optimal degree of competence and safety.

Ablación-resección endometrial con resectoscopio monopolar: resultados / Endometrial ablation-resection with monopolar resectoscope: Overall results

Objetivo: Analizar los resultados de la ablación-resección endometrial (ARE) con resectoscopio monopolar y las complicaciones asociadas. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de 260 pacientes intervenidas mediante ARE por hemorragia uterina anormal (HUA) en el Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves de Granada desde abril de 1998 hasta diciembre de 2005. Resultados: La ablación-resección fue completa en el 83,1% de los casos, realizando miomectomía o polipectomía en el mismo acto operatorio en un 60,4% de las pacientes. El tiempo de seguimiento desde la realización de la ARE hasta la última revisión fue de 30,73 ± 17,15 meses. En este tiempo, un 38,5% de las pacientes permanecieron en amenorrea y solo 40 de las 260 mujeres continuaron con menorragia. Se obtuvo una tasa global de éxito clínico y quirúrgico de 84,6 y de 87,7%, respectivamente. Aparecieron complicaciones intraoperatorias en el 5,8% de las pacientes y tardías en un 16,2%. No hubo ningún caso de cáncer de endometrio ni de gestación tras la ARE

Conclusión: La ARE vía histeroscópica con energía monopolar es un método quirúrgico conservador útil en el tratamiento de la HUA en nuestro medio, con una baja tasa de reintervención y de complicaciones. Objective: To analyze the results of endometrial ablation-resection (ARE) with monopolar resectoscope and associated complications. Material and methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted of 260 patients undergoing ARE for abnormal uterine bleeding at the Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital in Granada from April 1998 to December 2005. Results: The ARE was complete in 83.1% of procedures, with myomectomy and/or polypectomy being performed in the same intervention in 60.4% of the patients. The mean time from the performance of ARE to the last follow-up was 30.73 ± 17.15 months. At this time, 38.5% of the patients remained in amenorrhea and only 40 of 260 women continued to have heavy menstrual bleeding. Overall clinical and surgical success rates were 84.6 and 87.7%, respectively. Early intraoperative complications occurred in 5.8% of the patients and late complications in 16.2%. There were no cases of endometrial cancer or pregnancy after ARE. Conclusion: Monopolar ARE is a conservative surgical method that is useful in the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and has low reoperation and complications rates

Dolor pélvico asociado a la colocación del dispositivo Essure ® y alergia al níquel. A propósito de 3 casos / Pelvic pain associated with an Essure ® device and nickel allergy. In relation to 3 cases

Essure(R) es el primer dispositivo intratubárico, colocado mediante histeroscopia, usado como método anticonceptivo definitivo en la mujer. Una complicación poco frecuente es el dolor pélvico que a veces se ha relacionado con alergia a alguno de sus componentes, principalmente al níquel. El níquel es el más frecuente alérgeno de contacto en el mundo desarrollado, por lo que podrían esperarse más problemas de los informados en pacientes portadoras de Essure(R). Se presentan 3 casos de dolor pélvico crónico en pacientes con alergia al níquel desconocida antes de la inserción. En 2 de ellas se resolvió poco después de la extracción del dispositivo Essure(R) mientras que la tercera paciente está asintomática tras haber adoptado una actitud expectante. Actualmente los estudios sobre este tema son escasos. En general, se acepta que, en caso de dolor abdominal más allá de 6 semanas tras la inserción del Essure(R), debe plantearse la retirada del mismo. Sería obligatorio en estos casos investigar si la paciente es alérgica a los metales

Essure(R) is the first intratubal device for permanent contraception inserted under hysteroscopic guidance. A rare complication of this device is pelvic pain, which can be related to allergy to one or more of its components, mainly nickel. Nickel is the most common contact allergen in the industrialized world, and consequently the number of published reports may not reflect the true extent of this complication in women with an Essure(R) device. We report 3 cases of pelvic pain in patients with nickel allergy that was not detected before Essure(R) insertion. The pain resolved after removal of the device in 2 women. An expectant attitude was adopted in the third woman.Currently, few cases have been reported on this topic. It is generally accepted that the device should be removed in women with pelvic pain lasting for more than 6 weeks. In addition, these women should also undergo testing for nickel allergy

Úlcera vulvar aguda o de Lipschütz: comparación de 2 casos clínicos / Acute vulvar ulcer or Lipschütz ulcer: comparison of two clinical cases

Se presentan 2 casos clínicos referentes a pacientes prepúberes con un cuadro clínico caracterizado por la aparición de úlceras vulvares asociadas con síntomas sistémicos y orofaríngeos en los días anteriores a la aparición de dichas úlceras. Se intenta ahondar en la importancia del diagnóstico diferencial entre las diferentes enfermedades infecciosas de transmisión sexual, siendo de vital importancia descartar la posibilidad de abusos sexuales en estas pacientes. La aparición de la úlcera vulvar aguda es rara, a menudo es infradiagnosticada por su baja incidencia y su difícil diagnóstico. Aunque es un cuadro autolimitado, el tratamiento temprano es importante para minimizar la sintomatología que se deriva. El diagnóstico se basa en la clínica y la exclusión de otras causas responsables de la aparición de úlceras vulvares. El tratamiento se fundamenta en la administración de antiinflamatorios y/o antipiréticos. También pueden administrarse anestésicos locales tópicos. La mayoría de las pacientes pueden tratarse de forma ambulatoria pero en ocasiones requieren ingreso para sondaje vesical, debido a la imposibilidad para la micción derivada del dolor que esto ocasiona

We present the cases of two prepubertal girls with a clinical picture characterized by systemic and oropharyngeal symptoms a few days before the appearance of vulvar ulcers. We aim to highlight the importance of performing a differential diagnosis among distinct sexually-transmitted diseases and of excluding the possibility of sexual abuse in these patients. The development of acute vulvar ulcer is rare and this entity is often underdiagnosed because of its low incidence and difficult diagnosis. Although this process is self-limiting, early treatment is important to minimize symptoms. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and the exclusion of other causes of genital ulcers. Treatment is based on the administration of anti-inflammatory and/or antipyretic agents. Local topical anesthetics can also be used. Most patients can be treated as outpatients. If urination is impossible due to pain, hospital admission may be required for catheterization

Practice of endoscopic gynecologic surgery: a survey of Spanish gynecologists.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of endoscopic gynecologic surgery in Spanish hospitals. STUDY DESIGN: In January 2011, a questionnaire was sent to 198 gynecology departments to determine the diffusion and acceptance of specific endoscopic procedures (hysteroscopy and laparoscopy) in each hospital. RESULTS: The response rate was 52% (103/198). The practice of basic laparoscopy in Spain is high (90% of the hospitals surveyed reported that >50% of their specialists use this technique). Although advanced laparoscopic procedures are used in 83.4% of hospitals, 59.2% of these hospitals reported that <25% of gynecologists knew how to perform these techniques. In the case of adnexal masses, the approach used depends on the characteristics of the mass. Most hospitals (96.1%) reported routine use of a laparoscopic approach for benign adnexal masses measuring <10 cm, while 42% of hospitals reported routine use of a laparoscopic approach for masses that appear to be suspicious on ultrasound. Regarding hysterectomy, 38 hospitals (36.9%) reported that an abdominal approach was used in <25% of hysterectomies, 53 hospitals (51.5%) reported that a vaginal approach was used in 25-50% of hysterectomies, and 53 hospitals (52%) reported that a laparoscopic approach was used in <25% of hysterectomies. For the treatment of gynecological cancers, 53 hospitals (52%) reported that a laparoscopic approach was used in <25% of cases; this approach was reported more commonly by teaching hospitals (81.9% vs. 46.75; p<0.001) and hospitals with >200 beds (84.3% vs. 45.5%; p<0.001). In teaching hospitals, the concordance between what the respondents felt residents should be able to do, in terms of laparoscopic techniques, and what residents were actually able to do upon finishing their residency training was quite high, with the degree of concordance varying between 84.3% (adnexal mass approach) and 100% (diagnostic laparoscopy and tubal sterilization). CONCLUSIONS: More than 90% of the Spanish hospitals surveyed perform basic endoscopic techniques, and 83.4% are able to perform advanced endoscopic procedures.

Histeroscopia en consulta: análisis de 5.000 pacientes / Outpatient hysteroscopy: analysis of 5, 000 patients

Objetivo Conocer la fiabilidad, viabilidad y seguridad de la histeroscopia en consulta. Material y métodos Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo. Entre junio de 2003 y abril de 2008, realizamos 5.000 histeroscopias en consulta. La histeroscopia se realizó mediante vaginoscopia con suero salino. Analizamos las indicaciones, éxitos, fracasos, tasas de complicaciones y tipo de cirugía. Resultados La histeroscopia pudo realizarse en cerca del 97% de los casos. Un 4% de mujeres refirieron dolor severo y un 1,4% tuvieron un síndrome vagal. La indicación más frecuente fue la hemorragia uterina anormal y el diagnóstico más frecuente el pólipo endometrial. En un 60% de las histeroscopias realizamos cirugía en la consulta. La polipectomía por histeroscopia fue la cirugía más frecuente (64%). Las tasas de perforación y de enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica fueron del 0 y del 0,08% respectivamente. Conclusiones La histeroscopia en consulta se tolera muy bien, siendo un procedimiento seguro y eficaz. La combinación de pequeños histeroscopios y la introducción de la energía bipolar nos permite tratar patología intrauterina en consulta sin ningún tipo de anestesia (AU)

Objective To assess the reliability, feasibility and safety of outpatient hysteroscopy. Material and method We performed a retrospective study of 5000 outpatient hysteroscopies performed between June 2003 and April 2008. All hysteroscopies were performed using a vaginoscopic approach and saline to distend the uterus. The indications, type of surgery, and success, failure and complication rates were analyzed. Results The hysteroscopies were successfully performed in nearly 97% of the patients. Severe pain and vasovagal syndrome occurred in 4% and 1.4% of the women, respectively. The most common indication was abnormal uterine bleeding and the most common diagnosis was endometrial polyps. Outpatient hysteroscopy was carried out in 60% of the patients. The most frequent type of surgery was hysteroscopic polypectomy (64%). Perforation and inflammatory disease rates were 0% and 0.08%, respectively. Conclusions Outpatient hysteroscopy is a well tolerated, effective and safe procedure. The combination of small-diameter hysteroscope and bipolar energy allows intrauterine disorders to be treated in the office setting without anesthesia (AU)

Clasificación radiológica y manejo de las lesiones mamarias / Radiological classification and management of breast lesions

La mamografía es el único método diagnóstico aceptado como técnica de despistaje para el cáncer de mama permitiendo su detección precoz y el único que ha demostrado una reducción de las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de mama. El sistema Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) es un método para clasificar los hallazgos mamográficos que actualmente se considera el idioma universal en el diagnóstico de la patología mamaria. Permite estandarizar la terminología y la sistemática del informe mamográfico y categorizar las lesiones estableciendo el grado de sospecha y asignar la actitud a tomar en cada caso. En esta revisión se analizan los hallazgos mamográficos que configuran cada una de las categorías BIRADS así como las implicaciones pronósticas y forma de manejo más frecuente de cada una de ellas (AU)

Mammography is the only diagnostic method accepted as a screening technique in breast cancer, allowing early detection, and is the only method that has been shown to reduce mortality rates from breast cancer. The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) is a method for classifying mammographic findings and is currently considered a universal language in the diagnosis of breast disease. This system allows terminology to be standardized, mammographic reports to be systematized and lesions to be categorized, thus establishing the degree of suspicion and the approach to be adopted in each case. The present review analyzes the mammographic findings that appear in each of the BI-RADS categories, as well as the prognostic implications and most frequent type of management in each category (AU)

Cambios asistenciales derivados de la implantación de una unidad de histeroscopia ambulatoria / Changes in clinical practice after the implementation of an office hysteroscopy unit

Objetivo. Mostrar las repercusiones que la implantación de una unidad de histeroscopia en consulta ha tenido en el uso del quirófano para histeroscopia. Material y método. Estudio descriptivo de las técnicas histeroscópicas realizadas en consulta y en quirófano en los últimos años, sus complicaciones y su evolución en el tiempo en función de la implementación de nuevas tecnologías y de la experiencia del endoscopista. Resultados. Se analizan 4.026 histeroscopias ambulatorias y 1.103 en quirófano. La tasa de histeroscopias fallidas en ambos grupos es similar (el 2,5 frente al 2,6%, respectivamente); las complicaciones son muy diferentes, mientras en histeroscopia ambulatoria predominan el dolor y el síndrome vagal, en la histeroscopia en quirófano destacan las lesiones del cérvix y las perforaciones. Conforme aumenta la experiencia en histeroscopia ambulatoria se realizan más técnicas quirúrgicas, fundamentalmente polipectomías y biopsia dirigidas, disminuyendo de forma significativa la actividad en quirófano, que pasa a estar constituida principalmente por miomectomías. Conclusiones. La histeroscopia en consulta o ambulatoria es una técnica que permite diagnosticar y tratar gran parte de la patología uterina intracavitaria en un solo acto, dejando para el quirófano casos muy seleccionados (AU)

Objective. To analyze the effects of establishing an outpatient hysteroscopy unit on the use of operating room hysteroscopy. Material and method. We performed a descriptive study of office and operating room hysteroscopic techniques in the last few years. The complications associated with these procedures and outcomes were analyzed in relation to the introduction of new technologies and endoscopic experience. Results. A total of 4,026 outpatient hysteroscopies and 1,103 operating room hysteroscopies were analyzed. The failure rate was similar in both groups (2.5 versus 2.6% respectively). Intra-operative complications differed between the two groups: pain and vaso-vagal syndrome predominated in outpatient hysteroscopy while perforations and cervical lesions were more frequent in the inpatient setting. As experience of hysteroscopy has increased, more surgical techniques, mainly polypectomies and directed biopsy, have been performed. The use of operating room procedures has significantly decreased, being mainly reserved for the performance of myomectomy. Conclusions. Office hysteroscopy allows the diagnosis and management of most uterine intracavitary pathology in a single act, reserving the operating room setting for highly selected patients (AU)

Infección de la herida quirúrgica. Prevención y tratamiento / Surgical site infection. Prevention and treatment

Objetivo: Conocer los factores implicados en la aparición de infecciones en la herida quirúrgica y las principales medidas de control de éstos en la cirugía en general y en la cirugía ginecológica en particular. Material y métodos: Revisión de las principales guías de práctica clínica publicadas en la bibliografía internacional (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health) y nacional. Resultados: Según el Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo en España se estima una prevalencia global de infecciones de la herida quirúrgica (IHQ) del 5-10%. La mortalidad directa por IHQ es del 0,6% y la mortalidad asociada a IHQ, del 1,9%. En Estados Unidos se estima que una IHQ prolonga la estancia 7,3 días, con un coste adicional diario de 3.200 dólares. Se identifican varios factores de riesgo para IHQ que dependen del paciente, del acto quirúrgico y del cuidado postoperatorio. Conclusiones: A pesar de los grandes avances surgidos en cirugía, la IHQ continúa siendo un problema frecuente, grave y costoso. La prevención, mediante el adecuado conocimiento de los factores de riesgo para la aparición de ésta, así como de las medidas que disminuyen su incidencia, es la medida más eficaz para su reducción. El lavado quirúrgico, el uso de antibióticos y, sobre todo, la depurada técnica quirúrgica son los principales factores de riesgo identificado (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the principal risk factors for surgical site infections (SSI) and the main measures for their prevention in surgery in general and in gynecologic surgery in particular. Methods: We reviewed the main clinical practice guidelines published in the international (Center for Disease Control, National Institute of Health) and Spanish literature. Results: In Spain the prevalence of SSI is estimated at 5-10%. Mortality directly attributable to SSI is 0.6% per year and that associated with SSI is 1.9%. In the USA, SSI increases the length of hospital stay by an average of 7.3 days with an extra cost of $3200 per day. Several risk factors for SSI have been identified, involving the patient, the surgical intervention, and postoperative care. Discussion: Despite the advances made in surgical materials and techniques, SSI remain a frequent, severe and expensive problem. Knowledge of the risk factors involved in SSI and of the measures that reduce their incidence is the most important factor in their prevention. The main risk factors identified are related to surgical scrub, use of antibiotics, and adequate surgical skill (AU)

Hysteroscopic evaluation of endometrial polyps.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the validity of hysteroscopy for predicting cancer in endometrial polyps based on their number, size and hysteroscopic appearance. METHOD: Retrospective observational study of 653 women diagnosed hysteroscopically as having endometrial polyps. After outpatient or surgical hysteroscopic resection or resection following hysterectomy, the diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination. The incidence of cancer in women who had polyps was determined in the light of menopausal status, symptoms, size, number and appearance of the polyps. RESULT: Carcinoma was found in only 3.9% of the women who consulted for menopausal metrorrhagia and were diagnosed as having a polyp. Hysteroscopy had a sensitivity of 36% and a specificity of 98% for a diagnosis of cancerous polyp or atypical hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: The appearance and number of endometrial polyps seen by hysteroscopy may be useful in predicting cancer in the polyps, although resection and histological examination will still be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Embarazo en una paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico en hemodiálisis / Pregnancy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus on hemodialysis

Presentamos un caso de gestación en una paciente de 29 años de edad en tratamiento sustitutivo renal durante 7 años en hemodiálisis por nefropatía lúpica, y que finalizó el embarazo con éxito. Describimos la evolución de la gestación desde su diagnóstico y el tratamiento seguido. Concluimos que el embarazo en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico en tratamiento sustitutivo con hemodiálisis supone un riesgo para la madre y para el feto, aunque se observa un aumento del éxito en las gestaciones en pacientes en diálisis (AU)

We report a case of successful pregnancy in a 29-year-old woman who had been undergoing renal replacement treatment for 7 years due to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We describe the course of the pregnancy from diagnosis and its management. We conclude that pregnancy in patients with SLE on renal replacement with hemodialysis is a risk factor for the mother and fetus; nevertheless the number of successful pregnancies in patients on hemodialysis is increasing (AU)

Cirugía histeroscópica en consulta con tecnología Versapoint®. Características clínicas y resultados / Operative office hysteroscopy using Versapoint® technology. Clinical characteristics and results

Objetivo: Valorar la utilidad de la cirugía histeroscópica en consulta con el empleo de la tecnología bipolar tipo Versapoint®. Se analizan las peculiaridades, los resultados y la tolerancia. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de 519 técnicas quirúrgicas realizadas mediante histeroscopia en consulta con tecnología Versapoint® (454 con histeroscopio rígido de 5,5 mm y 65 con histeroscopio semirrígido tipo Versascope®). Resultados: La duración media de la técnica fue de 7,7 min. El procedimiento más frecuente fue la polipectomía. Sólo refirieron dolor significativo y/o síndrome vagal algo menos del 2% de las pacientes. Conclusiones: La tecnología Versapoint® facilita la cirugía histeroscópica en consulta, y deja para el resectoscopio casos muy seleccionados. La tolerancia por parte de la paciente es muy buena

Objective: To evaluate the utility of operative office hysteroscopy with the use of the Versapoint® bipolar electrosurgical system. We analyzed clinical characteristics, results and patient acceptability. Material and methods: We performed a descriptive study of 519 operative hysteroscopies, using an office hysteroscopic procedure with Versapoint® technology; 454 with a 5.5 mm rigid hysteroscope and 65 with a semirigid microhysteroscope (Versascope®).Results: The mean operating time was 7.7 min. The most common procedure was polypectomy. Severe pain and/or vagal reflex occurred in less than 2% of the patients. Conclusions: The Versapoint® bipolar technology facilitates operative office hysteroscopy and allows resectoscopy to be reserved for the treatment of special cases. Patient acceptability is high

Embarazo ectópico tubárico: resultados del tratamiento médico con metotrexato / Tubal ectopic pregnancy: the results of medical treatment with methotrexate

Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad del tratamiento con una dosis de metotrexato por vía intramuscular en los casos de embarazo ectópico tubárico no complicado. Material y métodos: Desde enero de 1998 hasta diciembre de 2003 se ha tratado a 43 mujeres diagnosticadas de embarazo ectópico, con 50 mg/m2 de metotrexato por vía intramuscular siguiendo la pauta de Stovall et al11.Resultados: Treinta y seis pacientes (83,8 por ciento) respondieron de forma favorable al tratamiento, 4 de las cuales precisaron una dosis adicional del fármaco. Se intervino a 7 pacientes (16,2 por ciento), 5 de ellas por rotura del embarazo ectópico. Catorce mujeres (32,5 por ciento) presentaron efectos secundarios, la mayoría (85,7 por ciento) de los cuales consistía en la aparición o el aumento del dolor abdominal. Conclusiones: Según nuestra experiencia, la terapia con el metotrexato por vía intramuscular en una dosis presenta una eficacia notable, con un índice de efectos secundarios más que aceptable (AU)

Receptores hormonales en cáncer de mama / Receptors in breast cancer hormone

Aunque es cada vez mayor el conocimiento que tenemos de los mecanismos celulares y moleculares de cáncer y de su expresión a través de un número cada vez mayor de marcadores biológicos, la verdadera utilidad clínica de muchos de ellos está todavía por determinar. Hasta el momento actual, sólo los receptores de estrógenos y de progesterona trascienden como marcadores de pronóstico en la práctica habitual. El objetivo de esta revisión es establecer el verdadero valor de los recptores hormonales en el cáncer de mama, no sólo como factores pronósticos sino también como factores predictivos de la respuesta al tratamiento hormonal y a la quimioterapia (AU)

Sarcoma uterino como causa de inversión uterina / Uterine sarcoma as a cause of uterine inversion

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[Pregnancy and childbirth in adolescents]. / Embarazo y parto en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To establish what the most common complications are in the pregnancies of adolescent women in our environment. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Pregnant women who had their children in the Ciudad de Jaén Maternity Centre. PATIENTS: Pregnant women who gave birth in our centre in 1991 and 1992. The study group was composed of 104 adolescents (under 19 years old) and the control group by 7,824 non-adolescent pregnant women during this same period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The most common general complication is the threat of premature delivery, which was more common in pregnant women under 19 than in the control group (p < 0.001). There was no higher incidence among the adolescents of any other medical or obstetric pathology, including the frequency of Caesarean deliveries and neonatal morbidity/mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In our environment, the most common complication in adolescent pregnancies is the threat of premature birth. For other pathologies there are no differences from other women.